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- Sales Rank: #11560440 in Books
- Published on: 2008
- Binding: Hardcover
Most helpful customer reviews
196 of 215 people found the following review helpful.
Survival of the Richest
By Izaak VanGaalen
The perennial question asked by economic historians is why some countries grow excedingly rich and others remain miserably poor. It is a question that writers of "big history" have asked: notably Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations (Bantam Classics), David S Landes in The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor, and Jared Diamond in Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. These works rely heavily on theory beyond the mere retelling of certain facts and events. It is in this tradition that Gregory Clark, economic historian at the University of California at Davis, presents the economic history of the the world. The underlying theory that informs his version is that social and possibly biological evolution explains economic growth. The specter of social darwinism haunts his imagination.
For Clark the critical stage of social evolution is when a society is able to emerge from the Malthusian trap of poverty. It is at this point where they diverge from the pack and actually experience social progress and economic growth.
Regarding the Malthusian trap, Clark argues that the well-being of the average person around 1800 was no better than the average hunter-gatherer 10,000 years earlier. According to Malthus' "Essay on the Principle of Population," with every technological advance that increases the efficiency of production, there is a corresponding increase in population, thus neutralizing any gains made in production. In short, there are just more mouths to feed. The principle being that the population only grows as fast as the food supply.
That was the case until the Industrial Revolution. After 1800, something happened in England that caused production to outpace population growth. It was the first time in history that a society actually escaped from the Malthusian trap. For the first time incomes and consumption per capita began to rise. To find out why this occurred, Clark undertook a study of wills in England going back hundreds of years. He discovered that the rich had twice as many offspring as the poor, thus they outpopulated the poor. The rich brought with them certain skills and behaviors such as literacy, numeracy, work discipline, deferral of gratification, etc., that eventually permeated the rest of society in a downwardly mobile fashion. This is truely an original hypothesis. It was this evolutinary shift, according to Clark, that triggered the Industrial Revolution and set England apart from other countries
Why did England take off and others did not? Why the Great Divergence? The phrase is taken from Kenneth Pomeranz's book The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy. which deals with the same subject. Clark asks why the gap between rich and poor countries went from 4:1 in 1800 to 50:1 today. His answer is that in countries such as China and Japan the rich did not produce enough offspring to spread their productive behaviors downward through the rest of the population. East Asian and other economies were not able to push their agarian economies out of the Malthusian trap.
The title of this book is a pun on the title of a Hemingway novel, suggesting that alms or aid to the poor will do them no good. Clark is in the camp of those who believe that a change in behavior or, in this case, an advancement in the evolutionary process will allow poor countries to emerge from poverty. The implications of this are very controversial, to say the least, and still very inconclusive. Nevertheless, it is an interesting explanation of economic history that will be debated for years to come.
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Insightful, ambitious, efficiently argued
By Shane Levine
A Farewell to Alms is a meticulously researched, well argued shot at big history. It's primary question is, 'Why did the Industrial Revolution occur in England?' Clark's answer, in sum, is that the English population was evolving in 4 essential ways. 1) Interest rates were in decline for centuries leading up to the IR, even though income was static, suggesting that the English were becoming more patient. 2) Literacy and numeracy rates were increasing, indicating an increase in intelligence. 3) Interpersonal violence declined, which created the necessary conditions of stability and low risk. 4) Work hours steadily increased, indicating a robust work ethic and ample discipline.
Clark proves these claims and justifies their importance in innovative, engaging ways. The reason that England, rather then China, Japan, or India, evolved these traits to such an extent is that the upper class in England had greater reproductive success. England was thus permeated by economically oriented values. Clark does not take a definitive stance on whether these values were transmitted primarily through genetics or through culture.
By providing evidence from ancient agrarian societies to modern hunter gatherers, he successfully keeps the scope of his argument very broad. At times, the economic jargon can get a bit confusing and dry, but at the same time it adds a refreshing element of sophistication to the book.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Great subject matter
By Cato
This book is very thorough in a research-analysis sense, but it reads as though the author is defending himself from hostile peers (other economists). The average reader, who is at best a novice economist, will find this endless detail tiresome. The subject matter and the points made are very interesting, however.
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